Essay --

The play â€Å"An Enemy of the People† centers around reality and how various characters uncover their viewpoint about it. Every one of the characters are enthused by differing things, so understudy, they act in specific ways. Subsequently, they end up in fights because of their varying sentiments about reality of the water. For instance, Mayor Peter Stockmann acts in increasingly forceful way, in light of the fact that he’s inspired monetarily. Specialist Thomas Stockmann endeavors to reveal reality as a result of his concern of the public’s prosperity and in light of the fact that he believes that he’s doing the right thing. Katherine underpins Doctor Stockmann on the grounds that she’s propelled by family and dedication towards her significant other. Hovstad, a political radical, yet degenerate as he appreciates working up show as long as he isn’t legitimately included. Everyone’s roused by various things that are critical to them, regardless of whether they are correct or wrong they’re steady in their convictions. Civic chairman Stockmann needed to ignore the truth as a result of cash. Money assumed a major job which moved Peter Stockmann to disregard the state of the Baths along these lines winding up in a fight with his sibling Doctor Stockmann. Since the time the town included it, much pay from the Baths, the Mayor didn’t need to reveal reality to people in general. City hall leader Stockmann offered the comment. â€Å"Of course it will be important to raise a metropolitan loan† (Ibsen 55), this demonstrates he’s being avaricious and inferring that on occasion, its generally suitable to conceal reality since people will get irritated and endeavor to fix the issue. In any case, fixing the issue will take a lot of account and the Mayor’s dreadfully stressed over cash and notoriety. He would not place time and cash in fixing the pipelines in the Baths so he decided to conceal reality and ... ...Stockmann, Doctor. Thomas Stockmann, Katherine and Hovstad all trust that what they’re doing is correct and they feel that they should shield their thoughts. Tragically to state, however Mayor Stockmann’s inspiration is exclusively founded on cash, Dr. Thomas Stockmann’s motivation is ethically reality, Katherine is stressed over the security of the family, and Hovstad, simply need to play the two sides of the wall, since he is frightened to be in the minority and terrified of the Mayor. These motivations help every individual to progress and structure their character and attitude as the play proceeds. I feel that, it was exceptionally intriguing to perceive how individuals will act so as to make themselves look great to the group. Regardless of whether it is reality, and there is one individual representing truth and one hundred representing a falsehood, individuals will forfeit and be glad to be with the untruth, since it is more individuals.

Management - Individual Business Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The executives - Individual Business Report - Essay Example The report explains on the outer condition investigation of Brazil and its appropriateness for BlueScope to grow. SWOT examination of BlueScope Steel recognizes the inward abilities and outside circumstances, in view of which suggestions are sent for the Australian organization. Why Brazil, one of the part countries of BRIC, is the biggest nation in South American mainland and furthermore the fifth generally crowded and biggest topographical nation on the planet. It imparts its outskirts to a large group of different countries which give it a generally excellent universal availability. Brazilian GDP crosses the sign of US Dollars 1 trillion and brags off a rich supply of mineral assets (Gurmendi 2010). Industrialization is as of now at top in Brazil with autos, PCs, airplanes and other steel-concentrated ventures giving development and expansion chances to steel makers and even those working in mining industry. In the whole Latin America, Brazil positions first in the creation of iro n mineral, manganese, aluminum and ferroalloys. Steel creation stays one of the main 10 businesses and iron mineral the second biggest traded item. It stores 19,500 million tons of iron mineral stores, making it the sixth biggest iron metal holding countries of the world (Gurmendi 2010). These figures present mouth-watering possibilities for steel makers and those working in mineral based industry. This is the thing that which makes BlueScope Steel ready to enter Brazil as a piece of its business extension system. PESTL Analysis of Brazil Political States, Municipalities and Federal District establish the self-sufficient and non-various leveled political set up at Brazil. It has a just type of government and states make the most of their individual constitutions. In that capacity, laws of States don't negate with Federal Laws. Common law is offered inclination to custom-based law which is ideal for the overall population in Brazil. Work laws are additionally represented considerable authority in Brazil which goes about as defend to secure the privileges of representatives and works against incapable remote and local business rehearses. Financial Economically, Brazil has given away from of good monetary recuperation and potential to turn into a brilliant venture center point. It has upheld expansionary financial arrangement which fills the development of private utilization and capital development. Noteworthy enhancements in Brazil’s GDP and macroeconomic essentials, it is ready to develop at a yearly pace of 4-5% all through 2012. Utilization of judicious arrangements prompted Brazil’s development by 2.8% in 2006 and 4.5% in 2007 and because of increment of fares, global extension and decrease in joblessness, obligation to-GDP proportion and swelling; guarantee an excellent speculation opportunity in Brazil (International Finance Corporation 2006). Unique enactment to advance open private organizations was additionally spent in the year 2004. To help facilitated commerce, Brazilian government is additionally tying hands with creating countries and getting signatories to unhindered commerce alliances like Mercosul. Created modern area of Brazil reinforces its financial practicality (Gurmendi 2010). In view of strength of ventures like vehicle, apparatus and gear, steel, tin, PC, airplane, and so on., Brazil offers colossal development potential for steel makers. Socio-social Brazil is socially different with a blend of religions, ethnicities and festivities. While Catholicism is

Tremor as a Side Effect From Taking Antidepressants

Tremor as a Side Effect From Taking Antidepressants Depression Treatment Medication Print Tremor as a Side Effect From Taking Antidepressants By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 05, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 More in Depression Treatment Medication Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Types Childhood Depression Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand Tremor Definition Antidepressants and Tremor Other Medications Medical Conditions Diagnosis Treatment for Tremors View All Back To Top Is it normal to develop a tremor while taking an antidepressant? Which drugs may cause this symptom and how is it treated? Lets begin by talking about what a tremor is, the different types of tremors, and what other medications as well as medical conditions which may contribute to a tremor. Tremor Definition Tremor is an involuntary shaking that occurs in the head, limbs or eyelids. This shaking can occur either when you are moving or when you are attempting to hold your body still. It is usually fast (about four to 12 movements per second) and it may come and go or occur in bursts. It may subside during sleep and get worse when a person is under stress. A person might also experience head nodding or have a shaky sounding voice. There are some tremors which occur with rest and others which only occur with movement. Sometimes tremors occur with any movements, while other times they occur in response to very specific movements. A careful description of your tremor may help your doctor determine whether your antidepressant is causing your tremor of if it could be related to another condition. Antidepressant Classes and Tremor Certain types of antidepressants, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic  antidepressants can indeed cause tremor as a side effect.?? Some studies estimate that 20% of patients treated with an SSRI or tricyclic antidepressant will develop a tremor. This may occur at any time after the medication was initiated. SSRI antidepressants include;: Celexa (citalopram)Lexapro (escitalopram)Luvox (fluvoxamine)Paxil (paroxetine)Prozac (fluoxetine)Symbyax, which is Prozac plus the antipsychotic Zyprexa (fluoxetine olanzapine)Zoloft (sertraline) Tricyclic antidepressants include: Ascendin (amoxapine)Anafranil (clomipramine)Elavil (amitryptyline)Norpramin (desipramine)Pamelor (nortryptyline)Surmontil (trimipramine)Sinequan (doxepin)Tofranil (imipramine)Vivactil (protryptyline) Other Medications Which May Cause Tremors Other psychiatric medications, such as lithium and Depakote (mood stabilizers used in bipolar disorder), may also commonly cause tremor.?? Antipsychotic medications, particularly the older agents (typical antipsychotics), may cause a tremor similar to Parkinsons disease. Extrapyramidal side effects of these drugs may also include dystonia (involuntary contractions of muscles), tardive dyskinesia (abnormal facial movements such as grimacing and chewing), and akathisia, a feeling of restlessness which may sometimes mimic a tremor.?? In addition, there are a wide variety of other prescription drugs which may cause a tremor including: EpinephrineAnticonvulsants (anti-epilepsy drugs)Anti-emetics (anti-nausea drugs)Bronchodilators used for asthma and COPDSome chemotherapy drugsSome immunosuppressant medicationsSome antibioticsSome anti-viral drugsSome heart and blood pressure medicationsStimulants such as caffeine and amphetamines Medical Conditions Which May Cause Tremors   Finally, there are certain medical conditions which can cause tremors, such as Parkinsons disease, alcohol withdrawal, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, Wilsons disease, and liver failure.?? How Can You Know If Your Tremor Is From Your Antidepressant? In order to determine whether your tremor is indeed related to your antidepressant, your doctor will do a physical exam and ask you questions about your medical history, including what medications you are taking. Generally, this is enough to determine if your antidepressant is causing your tremor, although your doctor may order additional testing if she needs to rule out any other potential causes. Treatment for Antidepressant-Induced Tremors Perhaps the best solution for tremor caused by antidepressants is to stop taking the drug causing it and switch to a different medication. Tremor will generally resolve over time after the offending medication has been ceased, but occasionally a tremor caused by SSRIs may persist. Sometimes, however, you may be doing so well on your medication that you dont want to change it for fear of returning depression. If this is the case, your doctor may opt to add an additional medication to control your tremors, such as a beta-blocker, a benzodiazepine, Mysoline (primidone,) Topamax (topiramate,) or Neurontin (gabapentin.)?? A Word From Verywell Certain classes of antidepressants, particularly SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants are commonly associated with the development of tremor. Other medications and medical conditions which can cause tremor may increase the likelihood of a tremor. Diagnosis is usually accomplished by taking a good history and doing a physical exam alone, but other tests may be needed especially if it is unclear whether your tremor is related to your antidepressant or an unrelated medical condition. The easiest treatment for antidepressant-induced tremor is simply discontinuing the drug, but this is not always possible. There are several types of medications which can be used to reduce the tremor while continuing the antidepressant if needed.

Hamlet’s Madness in Craft Essay - 887 Words

In Act I, Scene V, after hearing the ghost’s demand for revenge, Hamlet says in advance that he will consciously feign madness while seeking the opportune moment to kill Claudius. Therefore, it is hard to conclude that he coincidentally became insane after making such a vow. Hamlet’s supposed madness becomes his primary way of interacting with the other characters during most of the play, in addition to being a major device that Shakespeare uses to develop his character. Still, the question remains: Is Hamlet really crazy or just pretending? The major conflict which seems obscures the possibility of obtaining clarity on the answer to this question is Hamlet’s inability to find any certain moral truths as he works his way toward revenge.†¦show more content†¦During their conversation, Hamlet calls the old man a â€Å"fishmonger† and irrationally responds to his questions. Still, many of Hamlet’s seemingly lunatic statements disguise pointed observations about Polonius’s conceit and old age. In fact, Polonius himself comments that while Hamlet is not of right mind, his words are often â€Å"pregnant† with meaning (II.ii.206). Then, in Act III, Scene I, Claudius and Polonius eavesdrop on Hamlet’s conversation with Ophelia so as to establish whether Hamlet’s madness stems from his lovesickness over Ophelia. However, before we, the audience, see this encounter, we already think we know more than Claudius does in that we know that Hamlet is only acting crazy, and that he’s doing it to hide the fact that he is studying and plotting against his uncle. Therefore, we the audience suppose that it cannot be true that Hamlet is acting mad because of his love for Ophelia. Yet, Hamlet’s vindictive attitude toward her throws everything we think we know into question. Does Hamlet mean what he says to Ophelia? To be sure, it is another question for a later date. In Act III, Scene II, Hamlet app ears to be more self-controlled, given that he skillfully manipulates Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and his speaks freely with Horatio. The facility with which Hamlet alternates between passionate, erratic behavior and rational, focused behavior seems to prove that he is not insane after all. While he is excited yet articulate during his conversationShow MoreRelatedHamlet’s Madness in Craft Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesIn Act I, Scene V, after hearing the ghost’s demand for revenge, Hamlet says in advance that he will consciously feign madness while seeking the opportune moment to kill Claudius. Therefore, it is hard to conclude that he coincidentally became insane after making such a vow. Hamlet’s supposed madness not only becomes his way of relating to the other characters during the majority of the play, but also that which develops his character as throughout the play. Still, the question remains: Is HamletRead MoreEssay on Hamlets Antic Disposition1487 Wo rds   |  6 PagesHamlets Antic Disposition      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeares famous tragedy Hamlet, the main character of the story is one majestically elaborated, aside from being quite complex. There are infinite volumes written about this character because Shakespeare leaves no firm proof of many of his character traits. Yet on Hamlets antic disposition, meaning his obviously absurd temperament or madness, Shakespeare leaves plenty of reason to believe that it is feigned, meaning that it is simply a ployRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1640 Words   |  7 PagesHoratio and Marcellus, that he is going to assume an â€Å"antic disposition,† it is commonly debated as to whether or not Hamlet actually delves into madness (1.5.192). Hamlet’s display of control over both his thoughts and his actions, coupled with the fact that many other characters doubt his madness, makes it evident that Hamlet never does descend into true madness. Many believe that Hamlet first displays his insanity when he meets with the ghost of his father, saying that by taking the walk late at nightRead MoreMadness; Real or Fake?747 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"There is no great genius without a mixture of madness,† a quote said by the famous philosopher Aristotle. There have been times in history where madness has been faked, and many times the mad person was caught, but, it is also not impossible to fake madness. This is shown in the tragic history of Hamlet written by William Shakespeare, where the title character’s madness is definitely faked. Hamlet is a genius who uses madness to develop his idea of revenge. Hamlet has admitted to faking it, notRead MoreMadness In Hamlet Essay869 Words   |  4 Pagesguilty of the murder of his brother, King Hamlet. To avoid anyone discovering him, he maintains his crazy act in front of his own love interest, Ophelia, perplexing her to the point of lunacy. One of the main contributors to Ophelia’s authentic madness is Hamlet’s pretense of insanity, leading to both Hamlet and Ophelia’s ultimate defeat. From the â€Å"big-picture† point of view, it may seem that Hamlet has genuinely gone mad, but there are many instances where Hamlet alludes to his forgery. The first instanceRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet, The Most Famous Being Hamlet s Own Emotional State1661 Words   |  7 Pagesplay, the most famous being Hamlet’s own emotional state. His madness, triggered by his incestuous uncle, has led several scholars to explore the psychological causes of his madness. This research into Hamlet’s madness will explore his madness in comparison to other characters, the psychoanalytical studies behind his madness, and defining whether his madness is genuine or another play within the play. His mother and his uncle have married after only 2 months of Hamlet’s father’s death. This has causedRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare656 Words   |  3 PagesThe play is divided into six acts and is set in medieval Denmark. It is about Hamlet’s revenge on his uncle, Claudius, for murdering his father. Hamlet is widely considered one of Shakespeare’s greatest achievements; hundreds of theories have been spawned over the past four centuries. However, one of the most interesting aspects is the psychology behind it. There is plenty of psychological depth behind Hamlet’s madness. One could easily argue that Hamlet isn’t actually mad. Hamlet understandsRead MoreEssay about Is Hamlet Mad or Mad in Craft?1123 Words   |  5 PagesIs Hamlet Mad or Mad in Craft? Madness is defined as the state of being mentally ill or having extremely foolish behavior. It is a condition in which is difficult to identify whether it is true or not. In William Shakespeares masterpiece, Hamlet, there is confusion as to whether or not his madness is real. The ghost of his father asks Hamlet to avenge his death. While he tries to accomplish this, he puts on an antic disposition. The antic disposition reoccurs throughout the play, but is merelyRead MoreGender Roles In Shakespeares Ophelia And Hamlet1258 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare writes Ophelia has a character capable of reason, yet denies her the ability of reasoning. At the start of the play, there is little evidence that Ophelia will display the madness that will take her. However, one may deduce that her ideas of Hamlet’s vows to her are the first signs of Ophelia s madness. Laertes tries his best to convince Ophelia that â€Å"if [Hamlet] says he loves [her],/ it fits [her] wisdom [...] to belie ve it† (1.3.24). By this, it could be assumed that Laertes is predictingRead More The Mood Swings of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay768 Words   |  4 Pageswhen he hears of his fathers murder. No one knows if his madness is a show like he says or real like it seems. It seems as if there are two Hamlets in the play. One that is sensitive and an ideal prince and the insane uncivilized Hamlet, who from an outburst of passion and rage slays Polonius with no feeling of remorse and then talks about lugging his guts into another room. This is why I say Hamlets madness is less than madness and more than pretend. Hamlet says he is just acting mad when

American Views On Kinship And Social Relations - 893 Words

Kinship is an area we talked about extensively in class because it represents a huge part of many people’s lives. This ideal is found throughout and delegates the lives of many individuals throughout thousands of cultures. In â€Å"Motorcycles, Membership, and Belonging† McCurdy says that if an Indian couple were to come to the United States for the first time they might be, â€Å"surprised by [the lack of] American social relations.† (McCurdy 2014:209) In this essay I will be describing how American views on kinship and social relations vary from those of Indians through both personal experience and learned information. First lets highlight what kind of roles kinship and social relations play in the lives of these potential Indian tourists. Kinship groups, to Indians, are an essential part of life; kinship is something that makes various decisions for an individuals life, some of those include: who you marry, what you inherit, and your level of status in the family. Throughout most of India, people use patrilineal descent to establish kinship; this means that only males are part of the descent group. In this kind of descent extended family is an integral part of an individuals life because many generations all live together under one roof. For example, one may grow up in a household with their grandparents, uncles and their wives and children, and even older brother’s wives and kids. This way of life keeps familial land and resources all under one roof rather than spreadingShow MoreRelatedLiterature Through The Use Of Ethnographies1389 Words   |  6 Pagesopinions amongst social findings that continue to develop our understanding of societal behaviours. This notion is evident in Undoing Kinship which explores the meaning of Kinship and further, how it is understood and exercised in different cultures. It is through this text that we, as readers, and others, as Anthropologists, begin to question our own knowledge of Kinship and review these viewpoints in aid of a wider Anthropological conversation. Undoing Kinship focuses on how kinship is formed, maintainedRead MoreAnalyze Native American Societies1482 Words   |  6 Pagesessay will analyze Native American societies for world view and cultural and institutional differentiation. In so doing, we will discuss the possibilities or the lack of endogenously generated social change within American Indian societies and cultures. Mainly this essay will concentrate on two important aspects of world view that contribute to conservatism in Native American cultures. The two aspects are as follows, holistic Native American beliefs versus dualistic world views, and in so discussingRead MoreKinship : Who Are We?762 Words   |  4 PagesWho Are We? Kinship can help define who we are, through the values we subscribe to, where we live, and even our political and religious beliefs. Kinship, or families, are a part of all societies, and has been said to be the most basic of all social institutions—it is how people of different cultures categorize the people they are connected to, and that has a lot of influence on a person’s life. But kinship doesn’t always equal family. I’ve heard the phrase, â€Å"she is like kin to us.† That’s becauseRead MoreMy Own Culture, Race, Ethnicity, And Kinship1374 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s society, one’s own culture, race, ethnicity, and kinship is an important aspect to describing an individual. This relationship can be effected in terms of physical appearance and social situations within ones everyday life. Throughout my own life, family and kinship has positively influenced my own values and morals. Because of these aspects, I have exper ienced some stereotypes of my own race. Throughout my life, my family has impacted how I have looked upon my own morals and valuesRead MoreSocial Organization and Laws in the Trobiand Islands1611 Words   |  6 Pages 1985, 12). Laws are essential in every culture regardless of â€Å"whether ‘savage’ or ‘civilized’ (Malinowski, 1985, 13). Malinowski believed that all societies had laws, rules, and customs that are followed; in addition to hard laws, there are also social morals and obligations that are followed. It may be culture specific, but it exists in all cultures. Malinowski argued that â€Å"there is a number of laws, taboos and obligations in every human culture which weigh heavily on every citizen, demand greatRead MoreAlfred Herbert Radcliffe-Brown : Understanding Of The Sociological Paradigm761 Words   |  4 PagesThe three major Sociological Paradigms are Structural Functionalism, Social Conflict, and Symbolic Interactionist. The Structural Functionalism sociological theorist tha t I will be focusing on will be Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown, a British sociologist. The Social Conflict theorist will be Ralf Gustav Dahrendorf, a German sociologist. And for Symbolic Interactionist sociological theorist will be Herbert George Blumer, an American sociologist. Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown was born in BirminghamRead MoreThe Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis982 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduces the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, which claims that language has strong influence on culture. He then discusses the study of kinship terms, (folk) taxonomies, color terms, prototypes, and taboo and euphrmisms used in different cultures to furthur support the hypothesis. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis illustrates the stucture of one language strongly affect the world-view of its speakers. Wardhaugh first quotes the explaination from Sapir and Whorf to demonstrates a clear outline of the Sapir-WhorfRead MoreGender Analysis : Love, Gold, And The Shadows Of Affluence By Pierrette Hondagneu Sotelo1515 Words   |  7 PagesWGS 203: Gender in the Contemporary World Prof. Grace Cho Fall 2015 Final Exam Throughout history, people around the world are encountered with social structures that may positively shape their lives or may lead to the view of life as a burden. The social structures placed upon us shape the way we view and handle our economical and political values. Global inequalities of wealth and power have increasingly created an abundance of gendered structural violence. These instances can be clearly seenRead MoreSocietys Major Institutions: Education, Economics, Religion, and Political sectors.1608 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on the teachings of values, norms, statuses, and roles. The family is designed to guide sexual activity, socialization, and social relations within a sexual union (Sociology of the Family). Every family is run differently under different circumstances and beliefs. In America, there are many different types of kinships and many different ways each of these kinships are run. The family of procreation consists of parents residing with their biological children. There is also the family of orientationRead MoreWhat Is the Relationship Between â€Å"Biology† and Kinship Systems?2505 Words   |  11 PagesQ. What is the relationship between â€Å"biology† and kinship systems? A. Kinship can be defined as society acknowledging biological connections between people. This view however has been challenged because kinship systems are regarded now as too complex. C. Levi-Strauss (1963) argued; â€Å"Kinship†¦only exists in human consciousness.† The correct way of studying the relationship between biology and kinship systems can only be made by looking at particular societies and cannot be made universally. Biology

The Host Chapter 30 Abbreviated Free Essays

string(99) " Would Kyle wake soon\? Would he come in search\? Where was Jeb\? I hadn’t seen him all day\." M el?† he asked again, the hope he didn’t want to feel coloring his tone. My breath caught in another sob, an aftershock. â€Å"You know that was for you, Mel. We will write a custom essay sample on The Host Chapter 30: Abbreviated or any similar topic only for you Order Now You know that. Not for h-it. You know I wasn’t kissing it.† My next sob was louder, a moan. Why couldn’t I shut up? I tried holding my breath. â€Å"If you’re in there, Mel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He paused. Melanie hated the â€Å"if.† A sob burst up through my lungs, and I gasped for air. â€Å"I love you,† Jared said. â€Å"Even if you’re not there, if you can’t hear me. I love you.† I held my breath again, biting my lip until it bled. The physical pain didn’t distract me as much as I wished it would. It was silent outside the hole, and then silent inside, too, as I turned blue. I listened intently, concentrating only on what I could hear. I wouldn’t think. There was no sound. I was twisted into the most impossible position. My head was the lowest point, the right side of my face pressed against the rough rock floor. My shoulders were slanted around a crumpled box edge, the right higher than the left. My hips angled the opposite way, with my left calf pressed to the ceiling. Fighting with the boxes had left bruises-I could feel them forming. I knew I would have to find some way to explain to Ian and Jamie that I had done this to myself, but how? What should I say? How could I tell them that Jared had kissed me as a test, like giving a lab rat a jolt of electricity to observe its reaction? And how long was I supposed to hold this position? I didn’t want to make any noise, but it felt like my spine was going to snap in a minute. The pain got more difficult to bear every second. I wouldn’t be able to bear it in silence for long. Already, a whimper was rising in my throat. Melanie had nothing to say to me. She was quietly working through her own relief and fury. Jared had spoken to her, finally recognized her existence. He had told her he loved her. But he had kissed me. She was trying to convince herself that there was no reason to be wounded by this, trying to believe all the solid reasons why this wasn’t what it felt like. Trying, but not yet succeeding. I could hear all this, but it was directed internally. She wasn’t speaking to me-in the juvenile, petty sense of the phrase. I was getting the cold shoulder. I felt an unfamiliar anger toward her. Not like the beginning, when I feared her and wished for her eradication from my mind. No, I felt my own sense of betrayal now. How could she be angry with me for what had happened? How did that make sense? How was it my fault that I’d fallen in love because of the memories she forced on me and then been overthrown by this unruly body? I cared that she was suffering, yet my pain meant nothing to her. She enjoyed it. Vicious human. Tears, much weaker than the others, flowed down my cheeks in silence. Her hostility toward me simmered in my mind. Abruptly, the pain in my bruised, twisted back was too much. The straw on the camel. â€Å"Ung,† I grunted, pushing against stone and cardboard as I shoved myself backward. I didn’t care about the noise anymore, I just wanted out. I swore to myself that I would never cross the threshold of this wretched pit again-death first. Literally. It was harder to worm out than it had been to dive in. I wiggled and squirmed around until I felt like I was making things worse, bending myself into the shape of a lopsided pretzel. I started to cry again, like a child, afraid that I would never get free. Melanie sighed. Hook your foot around the edge of the mouth and pull yourself out, she suggested. I ignored her, struggling to work my torso around a particularly pointy corner. It jabbed me just under the ribs. Don’t be petty, she grumbled. That’s rich, coming from you. I know. She hesitated, then caved. Okay, sorry. I am. Look, I’m human. It’s hard to be fair sometimes. We don’t always feel the right thing, do the right thing. The resentment was still there, but she was trying to forgive and forget that I’d just made out with her true love-that’s the way she thought of it, at least. I hooked my foot around the edge and yanked. My knee hit the floor, and I used that leverage to lift my ribs off the point. It was easier then to get my other foot out and yank again. Finally, my hands found the floor and I shoved my way through, a breech birth, falling onto the dark green mat. I lay there for a moment, facedown, breathing. I was sure at this point that Jared was long gone, but I didn’t make certain of that right away. I just breathed in and out until I felt prepared to lift my head. I was alone. I tried to hold on to the relief and forget the sorrow this fact engendered. It was better to be alone. Less humiliating. I curled up on the mat, pressing my face against the musty fabric. I wasn’t sleepy, but I was tired. The crushing weight of Jared’s rejection was so heavy it exhausted me. I closed my eyes and tried to think about things that wouldn’t make my stinging eyes tear again. Anything but the appalled look on Jared’s face when he’d broken away from me†¦ What was Jamie doing now? Did he know I was here, or was he looking for me? Ian would be asleep for a long time, he’d looked so exhausted. Would Kyle wake soon? Would he come in search? Where was Jeb? I hadn’t seen him all day. You read "The Host Chapter 30: Abbreviated" in category "Essay examples" Was Doc really drinking himself unconscious? That seemed so unlike him†¦ I woke slowly, roused by my growling stomach. I lay quietly for a few minutes, trying to orient myself. Was it day or night? How long had I slept here alone? My stomach wouldn’t be ignored for long, though, and I rolled up onto my knees. I must have slept for a while to be this hungry-missed a meal or two. I considered eating something from the supply pile in the hole-after all, I’d already damaged pretty much everything, maybe destroyed some. But that only made me feel guiltier about the idea of taking more. I’d go scavenge some rolls from the kitchen. I was feeling a little hurt, on top of all the big hurt, that I’d been down here so long without anyone coming to look for me-what a vain attitude; why should anyone care what happened to me?-so I was relieved and appeased to find Jamie sitting in the doorway to the big garden, his back turned on the human world behind him, unmistakably waiting for me. My eyes brightened, and so did his. He scrambled to his feet, relief washing over his features. â€Å"You’re okay,† he said; I wished he were right. He began to ramble. â€Å"I mean, I didn’t think Jared was lying, but he said he thought you wanted to be alone, and Jeb said I couldn’t go check on you and that I had to stay right here where he could see that I wasn’t sneaking back there, but even though I didn’t think you were hurt or anything, it was hard to not know for sure, you know?† â€Å"I’m fine,† I told him. But I held my arms out, seeking comfort. He threw his arms around my waist, and I was shocked to find that his head could rest on my shoulder while we stood. â€Å"Your eyes are red,† he whispered. â€Å"Was he mean to you?† â€Å"No.† After all, people weren’t intentionally cruel to lab rats-they were just trying to get information. â€Å"Whatever you said to him, I think he believes us now. About Mel, I mean. How does she feel?† â€Å"She’s glad about that.† He nodded, pleased. â€Å"How about you?† I hesitated, looking for a factual response. â€Å"Telling the truth is easier for me than trying to hide it.† My evasion seemed to answer the question enough to satisfy him. Behind him, the light in the garden was red and fading. The sun had already set on the desert. â€Å"I’m hungry,† I told him, and I pulled away from our hug. â€Å"I knew you would be. I saved you something good.† I sighed. â€Å"Bread’s fine.† â€Å"Let it go, Wanda. Ian says you’re too self-sacrificing for your own good.† I made a face. â€Å"I think he’s got a point,† Jamie muttered. â€Å"Even if we all want you here, you don’t belong until you decide you do.† â€Å"I can’t ever belong. And nobody really wants me here, Jamie.† â€Å"I do.† I didn’t fight with him, but he was wrong. Not lying, because he believed what he was saying. But what he really wanted was Melanie. He didn’t separate us the way he should. Trudy and Heidi were baking rolls in the kitchen and sharing a bright green, juicy apple. They took turns taking bites. â€Å"It’s good to see you, Wanda,† Trudy said sincerely, covering her mouth while she spoke because she was still chewing her last bite. Heidi nodded in greeting, her teeth sunk in the apple. Jamie nudged me, trying to be inconspicuous about it-pointing out that people wanted me. He wasn’t making allowances for common courtesy. â€Å"Did you save her dinner?† he asked eagerly. â€Å"Yep,† Trudy said. She bent down beside the oven and came back with a metal tray in her hand. â€Å"Kept it warm. It’s probably nasty and tough now, but it’s better than the usual.† On the tray was a rather large piece of red meat. My mouth started to water, even as I rejected the portion I’d been allotted. â€Å"It’s too much.† â€Å"We have to eat all the perishables the first day,† Jamie encouraged me. â€Å"Everyone eats themselves sick-it’s a tradition.† â€Å"You need the protein,† Trudy added. â€Å"We were on cave rations too long. I’m surprised no one’s in worse shape.† I ate my protein while Jamie watched with hawk-like attention as each bite traveled from the tray to my mouth. I ate it all to please him, though it made my stomach ache to eat so much. The kitchen started to fill up again as I was finishing. A few had apples in their hands-all sharing with someone else. Curious eyes examined the sore side of my face. â€Å"Why’s everyone coming here now?† I muttered to Jamie. It was black outside, the dinner hour long over. Jamie looked at me blankly for a second. â€Å"To hear you teach.† His tone added the words of course. â€Å"Are you kidding me?† â€Å"I told you nothing’s changed.† I stared around the narrow room. It wasn’t a full house. No Doc tonight, and none of the returned raiders, which meant no Paige, either. No Jeb, no Ian, no Walter. A few others missing: Travis, Carol, Ruth Ann. But more than I would have thought, if I’d thought anyone would consider following the normal routine after such an abnormal day. â€Å"Can we go back to the Dolphins, where we left off?† Wes asked, interrupting my evaluation of the room. I could see that he’d taken it upon himself to start the ball rolling, rather than that he was vitally interested in the kinship circles of an alien planet. Everyone looked at me expectantly. Apparently, life was not changing as much as I’d thought. I took a tray of rolls from Heidi’s hands and turned to shove it into the stone oven. I started talking with my back still turned. â€Å"So†¦ um†¦ hmm†¦ the, uh, third set of grandparents†¦ They traditionally serve the community, as they see it. On Earth, they would be the breadwinners, the ones who leave the home and bring back sustenance. They are farmers, for the most part. They cultivate a plant-like growth that they milk for its sap†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And life went on. Jamie tried to talk me out of sleeping in the supply corridor, but his attempt was halfhearted. There just wasn’t another place for me. Stubborn as usual, he insisted on sharing my quarters. I imagined Jared didn’t like that, but as I didn’t see him that night or the next day, I couldn’t verify my theory. It was awkward again, going about my usual chores, with the six raiders home-just like when Jeb had first forced me to join the community. Hostile stares, angry silences. It was harder for them than it was for me, though-I was used to it. They, on the other hand, were entirely unaccustomed to the way everyone else treated me. When I was helping with the corn harvest, for example, and Lily thanked me for a fresh basket with a smile, Andy’s eyes bulged in their sockets at the exchange. Or when I was waiting for the bathing pool with Trudy and Heidi, and Heidi began playing with my hair. It was growing, always swinging in my eyes these days, and I was planning to shear it off again. Heidi was trying to find a style for me, flipping the strands this way and that. Brandt and Aaron-Aaron was the oldest man who’d gone on the long raid, someone I couldn’t remember having seen before at all-came out and found us there, Trudy laughing at some silly atrocity Heidi was attem pting to create atop my head, and both men turned a little green and stalked silently past us. Of course, little things like that were nothing. Kyle roamed the caves now, and though he was obviously under orders to leave me in peace, his expression made it clear that this restriction was repugnant to him. I was always with others when I crossed his path, and I wondered if that was the only reason he did nothing more than glower at me and unconsciously curl his thick fingers into claws. This brought back all the panic from my first weeks here, and I might have succumbed to it-begun hiding again, avoiding the common areas-but something more important than Kyle’s murderous glares came to my attention that second night. The kitchen filled up again-I’m not sure how much was interest in my stories and how much was interest in the chocolate bars Jeb handed out. I declined mine, explaining to a disgruntled Jamie that I couldn’t talk and chew at the same time; I suspected that he would save one for me, obstinate as ever. Ian was back in his usual hot seat by the fire, and Andy was there-eyes wary-beside Paige. None of the other raiders, including Jared, of course, was in attendance. Doc was not there, and I wondered if he was still drunk or perhaps hung-over. And again, Walter was absent. Geoffrey, Trudy’s husband, questioned me for the first time tonight. I was pleased, though I tried not to show it, that he seemed to have joined the ranks of the humans who tolerated me. But I couldn’t answer his questions well, which was too bad. His questions were like Doc’s. â€Å"I don’t really know anything about Healing,† I admitted. â€Å"I never went to a Healer after†¦ after I first got here. I haven’t been sick. All I know is that we wouldn’t choose a planet unless we were able to maintain the host bodies perfectly. There’s nothing that can’t be healed, from a simple cut, a broken bone, to a disease. Old age is the only cause of death now. Even healthy human bodies were only designed to last for so long. And there are accidents, too, I guess, though those don’t happen as often with the souls. We’re cautious.† â€Å"Armed humans aren’t just an accident,† someone muttered. I was moving hot rolls; I didn’t see who spoke, and I didn’t recognize the voice. â€Å"Yes, that’s true,† I agreed evenly. â€Å"So you don’t know what they use to cure diseases, then?† Geoffrey pressed. â€Å"What’s in their medications?† I shook my head. â€Å"I’m sorry, I don’t. It wasn’t something I was interested in, back when I had access to the information. I’m afraid I took it for granted. Good health is simply a given on every planet I’ve lived on.† Geoffrey’s red cheeks flushed brighter than usual. He looked down, an angry set to his mouth. What had I said to offend him? Heath, sitting beside Geoffrey, patted his arm. There was a pregnant silence in the room. â€Å"Uh-about the Vultures†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ian said-the words were forced, a deliberate subject change. â€Å"I don’t know if I missed this part sometime, but I don’t remember you ever explaining about them being unkind’†¦?† It wasn’t something I had explained, but I was pretty sure he wasn’t really that interested-this was just the first question he’d been able to think of. My informal class ended earlier than usual. The questions were slow, and most of them supplied by Jamie and Ian. Geoffrey’s questions had left everyone else preoccupied. â€Å"Well, we’ve got an early one tomorrow, tearing down the stalks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jeb mused after yet another awkward silence, making the words a dismissal. People rose to their feet and stretched, talking in low voices that weren’t casual enough. â€Å"What did I say?† I whispered to Ian. â€Å"Nothing. They’ve got mortality on their minds.† He sighed. My human brain made one of those leaps in understanding that they called intuition. â€Å"Where’s Walter?† I demanded, still whispering. Ian sighed again. â€Å"He’s in the south wing. He’s†¦ not doing well.† â€Å"Why didn’t anyone tell me?† â€Å"Things have been†¦ difficult for you lately, so†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I shook my head impatiently at that consideration. â€Å"What’s wrong with him?† Jamie was there beside me now; he took my hand. â€Å"Some of Walter’s bones snapped, they’re so brittle,† he said in a hushed voice. â€Å"Doc’s sure it’s cancer-final stages, he says.† â€Å"Walt must have been keeping quiet about the pain for a long while now,† Ian added somberly. I winced. â€Å"And there’s nothing to be done? Nothing at all?† Ian shook his head, keeping his brilliant eyes on mine. â€Å"Not for us. Even if we weren’t stuck here, there would be no help for him now. We never cured that one.† I bit my lip against the suggestion I wanted to make. Of course there was nothing to do for Walter. Any of these humans would rather die slowly and in pain than trade their mind for their body’s cure. I could understand that†¦ now. â€Å"He’s been asking for you,† Ian continued. â€Å"Well, he says your name sometimes; it’s hard to tell what he means-Doc’s keeping him drunk to help with the pain.† â€Å"Doc feels real bad about using so much of the alcohol himself,† Jamie added. â€Å"Bad timing, all around.† â€Å"Can I see him?† I asked. â€Å"Or will that make the others unhappy?† Ian frowned and snorted. â€Å"Wouldn’t that be just like some people, to get worked up over this?† He shook his head. â€Å"Who cares, though, right? If it’s Walt’s final wish†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Right,† I agreed. The word final had my eyes burning. â€Å"If seeing me is what Walter wants, then I guess it doesn’t matter what anyone else thinks, or if they get mad.† â€Å"Don’t worry about that-I’m not going to let anybody harass you.† Ian’s white lips pressed into a thin line. I felt anxious, like I wanted to look at a clock. Time had ceased to mean much to me, but suddenly I felt the weight of a deadline. â€Å"Is it too late to go tonight? Will we disturb him?† â€Å"He’s not sleeping regular hours. We can go see.† I started walking at once, dragging Jamie because he still gripped my hand. The sense of passing time, of endings and finality, propelled me forward. Ian caught up quickly, though, with his long stride. In the moonlit garden cavern, we passed others who for the most part paid us no mind. I was too often in the company of Jamie and Ian to cause any curiosity, though we weren’t headed for the usual tunnels. The one exception was Kyle. He froze midstride when he saw his brother beside me. His eyes flashed down to see Jamie’s hand in mine, and then his lips twisted into a snarl. Ian squared his shoulders as he absorbed his brother’s reaction-his mouth curled into a mirror of Kyle’s-and he deliberately reached for my other hand. Kyle made a noise like he was about to be sick and turned his back on us. When we were in the blackness of the long tunnel south, I tried to free that hand. Ian gripped it tighter. â€Å"I wish you wouldn’t make him angrier,† I muttered. â€Å"Kyle is wrong. Being wrong is sort of a habit with him. He’ll take longer than anyone else to get over it, but that doesn’t mean we should make allowances for him.† â€Å"He frightens me,† I admitted in a whisper. â€Å"I don’t want him to have more reasons to hate me.† Ian and Jamie squeezed my hands at the same time. They spoke simultaneously. â€Å"Don’t be afraid,† Jamie said. â€Å"Jeb’s made his opinion very clear,† Ian said. â€Å"What do you mean?† I asked Ian. â€Å"If Kyle can’t accept Jeb’s rules, then he’s no longer welcome here.† â€Å"But that’s wrong. Kyle belongs here.† Ian grunted. â€Å"He’s staying†¦ so he’ll just have to learn to deal.† We didn’t talk again through the long walk. I was feeling guilty-it seemed to be a permanent emotional state here. Guilt and fear and heartbreak. Why had I come? Because you do belong here, oddly enough, Melanie whispered. She was very aware of the warmth of Ian’s and Jamie’s hands, wrapped around and twined with mine. Where else have you ever had this? Nowhere, I confessed, feeling only more depressed. But it doesn’t make me belong. Not the way you do. We’re a package deal, Wanda. As if I needed reminding†¦ I was a little surprised to hear her so clearly. She’d been quiet the last two days, waiting, anxious, hoping to see Jared again. Of course, I’d been similarly occupied. Maybe he’s with Walter. Maybe that’s where he’s been, Melanie thought hopefully. That’s not why we’re going to see Walter. No. Of course not. Her tone was repentant, but I realized that Walter did not mean as much to her as he did to me. Naturally, she was sad that he was dying, but she had accepted that outcome from the beginning. I, on the other hand, could not bring myself to accept it, even now. Walter was my friend, not hers. I was the one he’d defended. One of those dim blue lights greeted us as we approached the hospital wing. (I knew now that the lanterns were solar powered, left in sunny corners during the day to charge.) We all moved more quietly, slowing at the same time without having to discuss it. I hated this room. In the darkness, with the odd shadows thrown by the weak glow, it seemed only more forbidding. There was a new smell-the room reeked of slow decay and stinging alcohol and bile. Two of the cots were occupied. Doc’s feet hung over the edge of one; I recognized his light snore. On the other, looking hideously withered and misshapen, Walter watched us approach. â€Å"Are you up for visitors, Walt?† Ian whispered when Walter’s eyes drifted in his direction. â€Å"Ungh,† Walter moaned. His lips drooped from his slack face, and his skin gleamed wetly in the low light. â€Å"Is there anything you need?† I murmured. I pulled my hands free-they fluttered helplessly in the air between me and Walter. His loosely rolling eyes searched the darkness. I took a step closer. â€Å"Is there anything we can do for you? Anything at all?† His eyes roamed till they found my face. Abruptly, they focused through the drunken stupor and the pain. â€Å"Finally,† he gasped. His breath wheezed and whistled. â€Å"I knew you would come if I waited long enough. Oh, Gladys, I have so much to tell you.† How to cite The Host Chapter 30: Abbreviated, Essay examples

Non-bank financial institution free essay sample

a) What are the categories of non bank financial institutions? b) Give similarities and differences between non banking financial institutions and commercial banks. INTRODUCTION A non-bank financial institution (NBFI) is a financial institution that does not have a full banking license. It can also be defined as a financial institution that is not supervised by a national or international banking regulatory agency. such institutions facilitate bank-related financial services, such as investment, risk pooling, contractual savings, and market brokering. NBFI can add to the health and stability of a financial system by making it complete, balanced and sophiscated. NBFIs supplement the role of commercial banks in providing financial services in the economy by serving the section of population generally not covered by banks, help improve the operational efficiency through enhanced competition in the market and improve the resilience of the financial system. NBFI also play a complementary role. They often borrow funds from banks and extend them as loans to their customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Non-bank financial institution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They also increase competition in the financial system. They compete with banks in deposit collection and loan advancements. NBFI play an important role in strengthening the economy of a country by providing many alternatives to transform an economys savings into capital investment. These institutions also introduce competition in the provision of financial service. Categories of non bank financial institutions. Depending upon their nature of activities, non- banking finance companies can be categorized into the following categories; a). Asset Finance Company (AFC): An AFC is a company which is a financial institution that holds the principal in business of financing physical assets supporting productive/economic activity, such as automobiles, tractors, lathe machines, generator sets, earth moving and material handling equipments, moving on own power and general purpose industrial machines. b). Loan Company (LC): LC means any company which is a financial institution that has its main principal in business as provision of finance whether by making loans or advances or otherwise for any activity other than its own but does not include an Asset Finance Company. c). Investment Company (IC): IC means any company involved in the business of shares, stocks, bonds, debentures issued by government and local authority that are marketable in nature. Example stock brokering companies like Nairobi stock exchange (NSE). d). Contractual savings institutions (CIV) Contractual savings institutions (also called institutional investors) give individuals the opportunity to invest in collective investment vehicles (CIV) as a fiduciary rather than a principal role. Collective investment vehicles pool resources from individuals and firms into various financial instruments including equity, debt, and derivatives. Note that the individual holds equity in the CIV itself rather what the CIV invests in specifically. The two most popular examples of contractual savings institutions are pension funds and mutual funds. e). Risk-pooling institutions Insurance companies underwrite economic risks associated with illness, death, damage and other risks of loss. In return to collecting an insurance premium, insurance companies provide a contingent promise of economic protection in the case of loss. There are two main types of insurance companies: general insurance and life insurance. General insurance tends to be short term, while life insurance is a longer-term contract, which terminates at the death of the insured. Both types of insurance, life and general, are available to all sectors of the community. f). Financial service providers Financial service providers include brokers (both securities and mortgage), management consultants, and financial advisors, and they operate on a fee-for-service basis. Their services include: improving informational efficiency for the investors and, in the case of brokers, offering a transactions service by which an investor can liquidate existing assets. g). Market makers Market makers are broker-dealer institutions that quote a buy and sell price and facilitate transactions for financial assets. Such assets include equities, government and corporate debt, derivatives, and foreign currencies. After receiving an order, the market maker immediately sells from its inventory or makes a purchase to offset the loss in inventory. The differential between the buying and selling quotes, or the bid–offer spread, is how the market-maker makes profit. A major contribution of the market makers is improving the liquidity of financial assets in the market. Similarities between non bank financial institutions and commercial banks The key similarity between banks and other financial institutes is the facility of cash deposits. This unique facility is provided by the banking sector to all its customers through means of saving accounts and current accounts. This is an easy and effective way of handling all the personal as well as business finances. Apart from this, banks also serve as financial intermediaries offering a host of financial services to all customers. Non-banking financial institutes do provide various types of financial services (including cash deposits) but are not entitled to offer a savings account. These institutes mainly serve as investment tools or to fulfill the financial needs of individuals and companies. However, in the present day, banks are gradually expanding their operations and are offering all financial services including investment, loan, credit, and bonds under one shelter. Differences between non bank financial institutions and commercial banks . (i) Banks generally deals with short-term loans in the money market, whereas the nonbank intermediaries mostly deal with all types of loans i. e short-term, medium-term and long-term loans. (ii) The credit creation activities of the commercial banks are determined by the excess reserves and the cash-reserve ratio of the banks. The activities of the non-bank intermediaries (i. e. , saving mobilization, lending activities, etc. ) are largely governed by the structure of interest rates. (iii) Commercial banks raise funds costless because no interest is paid on demand deposits. Nonbank intermediaries, on the other hand, have to pay higher interest to attract more funds. (iv) The credit creation activities of the commercial banks are regulated and controlled by the central bank. The nonbank intermediaries are not generally under the control of central bank, and thus, then1 activities may create hurdles in the way of effective implementation of monetary policy. (v) Banks are financial institution whose liabilities (i. e. , deposits) are widely accepted as a means of payment in the settlement of debt. Non-bank financial intermediaries, on the other hand, are those institutions whose liabilities are not accepted as means of payment for the settlement of debt. (vi) People deposit money in the banks for safety, convenience and liquidity considerations. However, they invest their savings in the nonbank intermediaries with the motive of earning extra income. (vii) Commercial banks have the ability to generate multiple expansion of credit. The non-bank inter ­mediaries do not have such ability. They simply mobilize savings for investment (viii) Nonbank intermediaries can influence liquidity and create economic destabilization in the economy. Destabilization occurs when the financial claims on the nonbank intermediaries increase at the cost of demand deposits of the banks. (ix) Credit creation activities of the banks involve lesser time, while the lending activities of the non-bank intermediaries involve longer time. (x) Banks form a homogeneous group, while nonbank intermediaries form a heterogeneous group in the financial structure of the economy.

The Protestant Reformation essays

The Protestant Reformation essays Martin Luther was the most important person in the Reformation of the Catholic Church. He was a German monk. He posted his 95 Theses on the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral. This showed how he stood up against the church and criticized it for all of its faults. He criticized the Catholic Church for the sale of indulgences, and the failure of the church to meet the needs of the people of Europe. The church at this time was unable to satisfy the people spiritually and intellectually. He felt that only two of the seven sacraments were true to Christianity, as was written the Bible. He became the leader in the rebellion against the Catholic Church, and the leader in the formation of the Protestant Religion. His ideas and revolt against the church helped the people of Europe to break free from the power of guilt that the Catholic Church held over them. Though he was a major religious reformer, Luther did not want to reform society. The Protestant Reformation that he started was simply a release from Catholicism for Europeans, and into a free, less complicated religious life. Ulrich Zwingli was the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland. He led the Protestant religion to its stature of popularity with the Swiss. By 1518, Zwingli, like Luther, protested the sale of indulgences. He was a strong believer and enforcer of the belief that if an idea could not be supported by an ancient scripture, then it should not be believed or practiced. With Zwingli's reforms in the church in Switzerland, the people began to question society, much like the followers of Luther. They began to question transubstantiation, saints, celibacy, and sacraments, as well as other religious ideas. Zwingli's influence opened up new doors for reform and thinking for the Swiss people, much like Luther did for a majority of Europe. John Calvin was another Protestant reformer from Germany that created the new religion of Calvinism with...

The Monkeys Paw Discussion Questions

The Monkeys Paw Discussion Questions The Monkeys Paw, written by W.W. Jacobs in 1902, is a famous supernatural tale of choice and tragic consequences thats been adapted and imitated for both stage and screen. The story revolves around the White family- mother, father, and their son, Herbert- who receive a fateful visit from a friend, Sergeant-Major Morris. Morris, late of India, shows the Whites a monkeys paw fetish hes acquired as a souvenir of his travels. He tells the Whites that the paw is reputed to grant three wishes to any person who possesses it, but also cautions that the talisman is cursed and that those who accept the wishes it grants do so at great cost. When Morris tries to throw the monkeys paw into the fireplace, Mr. White quickly retrieves it, despite his guests earnest protests that the thing is not to be trifled with: It had a spell put on it by an old fakir, said the sergeant-major, a very holy man. He wanted to show that fate ruled peoples lives, and that those who interfered with it did so to their sorrow.   Ignoring Morris warnings, Mr. White decides to keep the paw, and at Herberts suggestion, he wishes for  Ã‚ £200 to pay off the mortgage. As he makes the wish, White claims to feel the monkeys paw twisting in his grip, however, no money appears. Herbert teases his father for believing the paw might have magic properties. I dont see the money and I bet I never shall, he says, little knowing just how true his statement will turn out to be. A day later, Herbert is killed in an accident at work, mangled to death in the twisting grasp of a piece of machinery. The company disavows liability but does offer the Whites a payment of  £200 for their loss. More than a week after the funeral, a distraught Mrs. White begs her husband to wish their son back to life, to which he eventually agrees. Its only when the couple hears a knock at the door that they realize they dont know if Herbert, who has been dead and buried 10 for days, is going to return to them as he was prior to his accident- or in the form of a mangled, decomposing ghoul. In desperation, Mr. White uses his final wish...and when Mrs. White finally opens the door, theres no one there. Questions for Study and Discussion This is a very short story, and Jacobs has a lot to do in very little time to achieve his goals. How does he reveal which characters are trustworthy and reliable, and which ones may not be?  Why do you think Jacobs chose a monkeys paw as the talisman? Is there symbolism attached to a monkey that isnt associated with another animal?  Is the central theme of the story simply, Be careful what you wish for, or are there broader implications?This story has been compared to the works of Edgar Allan Poe. Is there a work of Poes this story closely relates to? What other works of fiction does The Monkeys Paw evoke?How does Jacobs use foreshadowing in this story? Was it effective in building a sense of dread, or did you find it melodramatic and predictable?Are the characters consistent in their actions? Are they fully developed?  How essential is setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?How would this story have been different if it were set in the present day ?The Monkeys Paw is considered a work of supernatural fiction. Do you agree with the classification? Why or why not? What do you think Herbert would have looked like if Mrs. White had opened the door before Mr. White used the final wish? Would it have been an undead Herbert standing on the threshold?Does the story end the way you expected? Do you think the reader is supposed to believe that everything that took place was just a series of coincidences, or that there really were metaphysical forces involved?

THE PRACTICE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Research Paper

THE PRACTICE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION - Research Paper Example Ferris proved to be an abundant source of ideas and could draft reports for Turner in a breeze and could deal with awkward customers effectively. Ferris influence on Turner grew to the point that he could make decisions in Turners behalf. Other managers particularly Blackham became resentful of this alleging that Turner abdicated his leadership to Ferris because it seemed that it is Ferris who is running his office. Soon, Ferris demanded to be promoted as Deputy Sales Manager which Turner agreed. Upon asking the Director of Sales for the position to be created, he was asked why so when his department is small to warrant a deputy. Turner was forced to disclose that he had been depending on Ferris to get things done that much of the responsibilities in his department is already headed by Ferris. The Sales Director was dismayed and is now considering whether or not he should intervene and impose changes. II. Appraisal of the situation Charles Turner dependency towards Jim Ferris finally took its toll when Ferris demanded to be his Deputy that made the Sales Director consider whether or not he should intervene and impose changes. ... Ferris also begun building his â€Å"own empire† in the department placing his own people in key positions while he taking over the majority posts. Ferris growing dominance in the department will of course not go unnoticed. Other managers are beginning to notice it and Turner is slowly beginning to lose respect from them as he â€Å"abdicated† his responsibilities to Ferris. The delegation turned into dependency that also created friction in the organization. Obviously, Turner had lapses g from the beginning he assumed office because he was not able to gain confidence in leading and managing his department since he was promoted. The managerial lapses or lack of managerial capability of Turner is best summed up in the lecture prepared Dr. Abdul M Baksh that while â€Å"consulting subordinates is often regarded as delegation of authority, and the manager may receive a decision rather than advice . . . the manager must bear in mind that such advice may also have the undes irable effect of not only putting pressure on him but also expose him to conflicting alignments of forces within his own ranks†. This was exactly what happened to Turner’s over dependency towards Ferris or in Blackham’s terms, abdicated his function to Ferris. Now, other managers are also becoming jealous of Ferris and are also demanding greater responsibility and are now being resentment of Turner’s seeming favoritism towards Ferris. Ferris now has huge bargaining leverage towards Turner because he knows that Turner depends on him and so he asked to be his deputy even if the position does not yet exist and that there are other more senior manager than him in the department. The Sales Director is dismayed knowing this because

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ANALYSIS - Case Study Example 126). In this case study, they include the management of the Plasterboard Company as well as that of the company that has been sub contracted for transport. Apathetic stakeholders are the ones responsible for monitoring the activities that are being undertaken and in this case the NGO that is advocating for Plasterboard Company to change its operations or be denied the right to work in this area is in this category (Kogut, 2012, p. 56). The defenders in this situation are the people who work in the mines and who may lose their jobs in the event that the company cannot continue carrying out its activities in this area (Aartsengel and Kurtoglu, 2013, p. 41). An ethical dilemma is a complicated state of affairs that most often than not involves an actual mental conflict between moral imperatives whereby obeying one will mean another is disobeyed (Harman, 2006, p. 152). In relation to this case study, an ethical dilemma will arise if the quarry operations are closed. This is because the people who work at the quarry will no longer have a source of employment and this will make their lives considerably difficult. On the other hand, if the quarry remains open, there is the risk of accidents associated with the trucks that pass through the town and also the rocks after they have blown. The disturbance that is caused by the trucks and the vibrations which amount to pollution will also continue. Another ethical dilemma can be identified in the plant operations since if the plant is closed; there is the danger of two hundred people losing a source of livelihood which will be bad for the town’s economy. Keeping it open means that the dangers associated with it will continue to haunt the population of the town. There may be a danger of the chemicals spilling and contaminating the environment as well as the groundwater in the soil that is used in the town. The noise and vibrations from the plant is also a nuisance even

Do Correctional Officers Abuse Their Authority?

Do Correctional Officers Abuse Their Authority? Correction officers hold considerable power and authority within the corrections system. They are in charge of maintaining discipline and order within the facility at which they work. Many people view correction officers as the cause of violence within the prisons and jail. Others view correction officers as those who are professional, ethical, and hold good moral standards. I purpose a questionnaire consisting of yes, no, and no reply answer choices will help in determining the cause of violence, part of the dark figure of crime, and what percentage of correction officers actually follow by the rules and regulations. Correctional Officers: Do They Abuse Their Authority or Provide Equal Treatment Are correctional officers abusing their powers and authority by mistreating inmates or could they be justice providers and treat the inmates ethically and fair? Many people are lead to believe that inmates are being treated inhumanely by force or coercion into negative living environment and are being treated unethically by the officers who judge them according to the crime they have committed, or by their associations within the facility. Others view correctional officers as the cause of an offender to relapse or to become repeat offenders. The objective of this research is to determine if the treatment correction officers give inmates affect the crime rate in the facility, to determine if inmates are mistreated, to determine if officers allow one another to mistreat inmates, abuse their authority, and to show that this study can contribute to the general understanding of crime or policy responses to crime. The purpose of this research is to determine if correctional officers violate inmates in any way. The purpose is also to determine why violence is still occurring in prisons after the prisoners have been convicted of a crime and given their sentences. This research study will also show how the correction officer job is turning into a multitasked profession. Not only is this research going to be used to show how correctional officers are treating the inmates, but it will also show whether or not more violence is occurring by the inmates towards other inmates or whether or not correctional officers have something to do with the violence occurring within the facility. Literature Review There have been previous studies on correctional officers concerning the abuse of authority. There have been experiments conducted such as the Stanford prison experiment which discovered that correctional officers do feel as if they have more power and can treat the inmates however they feel like. One point of view that one could perceive from the Stanford prison experiment is that ordinary people change once they are put into a situation where they think that they can dominate (Zimbardo, 1999-2009). The impact of social forces has an effect on the behavior and the way a person reacts to the situation (Clements, 1999). The results of that experiment strongly indicated that in certain situations, behavior applies itself which causes the person to act accordingly to the situation. In another study, by Wolff, Shi and Siegel (2009), research concluded that people within the prison system have above-average rates of victimization during both childhood and adulthood. The correctional settings are known for the violence between inmates and staff. The research found evidence showing the rates of victimization being higher in a prison setting then that in a community setting. In a study that examined the characteristics of an officer and the investigations of the use of force, there were conclusions made that there is excessive use of force going on in the correctional facilities. McElvain and Kposowa (2004) acknowledged that departmental experience was the strongest predictor of investigations for alleged use of force. While race had no effect, gender did. Males were more likely to be investigated for the use of force than females. Also, younger officers were more likely to be investigated than older officers. There has always been a history of prison violence and correctional officers abusing the authority. According to Gross (2008), history is replete with incidents of seemingly decent people committing horrendous acts of violence in what they believe to be the pursuit or defense of justice and right. Gross (2008) discussed experiments such as the Stanford Prison Experiment and the BBC Prison Study. Apart of his discussion concluded that both prison studies demonstrated that under some circumstances, some individuals resist going-with-the-flow of group-associated brutality. Gross (2008) also went on to say that if a person with authority over a group of individuals varies in their zero-tolerance stance towards brutality, then brutality may emerge anywhere. There have been numerous studies on correctional officers and brutality including experiments and questionnaires. Butterfield (2004) talks about physical and sexual abuse of prisoners, similar to what has been uncovered in Iraq, takes place in American prisons with little public knowledge or concern, according to corrections officials, inmates and human rights advocates. Discussion The Profession Under the job description for a correction officer, one might find that their duties include being able to guard the prisons in accordance with the set forth policies, procedures, codes, and regulations. The officers responsibilities include watching and protecting the inmates from harm, escape, and contraband, as well as fights that break out amongst the inmates. Officers are allowed to search any inmate that they feel is a threat, as well as directing the inmates to where or what they need to go and do in order to maintain discipline. Correction officers career can get challenging due to the verbal and psychological abuse that they experience. Within the line of their duties, there are several situations that officers can be put in that can have an influence on the officers judgments and actions. Correctional officers have no law enforcement rights outside of the prison. Not being able to enforce the law outside of the prison could lead to correctional officers to want to be more harsh within the area that they are allowed to enforce the law and have authority(McElvain Kposowa, 2004). History The history of corrections, guards, and officer dates back to the 12th Century under King Henry II when he began a structured court system for handling all criminal charges. During the Ancient and Medieval Era, correctional objectives were more about retribution and retaliation rather then incarceration and proportionate sentences. By the mid 1700s, practices were becoming violent and bloody being completely out of proportion with the seriousness of the offense. John Howard, a well known prison reformer began the era of establishing efficient means of penal treatment and crime prevention. (Henry II of England, 2008) According to Villanueva (2007), many of the early 1600s correctional methods were based upon the English law and practices. The roots of this system began during the colonial times in the original thirteen colonies. The jails were used for the people who were awaiting trial or who could not pay their fees and fines. Corporal punishment was designed to be viewed by the public as a form of deterrence. During the late 1700s to the early-mid 1800s, the penitentiary was designed and developed. The Pennsylvania System and the New York Auburn System were two of the most influential penitentiaries to the corrections system. These two systems were designed during a time of land and population growth. Near the beginning of the 1900s, probation and parole became a broad aspect of corrections. Juvenile courts were established and the court system took an individual case approach. Throughout the rest of the 1900s until todays present time, corrections took on the perspectives of providing medical services, community service, and crime prevention and control (Villanueva, 2007). Corruption in Corrections Corruption in the corrections system can and has lead to the dark figure of crime. There are instances where correction officers allow things to go on that they know is against policy, rules, and regulations. Correction officers know that no matter what goes on within the prisons when dealing with the inmates, they have the upper hand. The officers can force the inmates or other faculty members into doing something or letting something go by without saying anything, even though it is illegal from different perspectives. Younger officers should feel the need to follow the rules more closely than the officers that are older with more experience. The young officers characteristics should be more ethical than those of older officers who knows how the operation of the system, however all correctional officers should hold high ethical and moral standards. The work environment for correction officers is a very challenging and hazardous place. Correction Officers have one of the highest rates of non-fatal on-the-job injuries. Many of these injuries occur during confrontations with the inmates. The newer facilities are well ventilated, temperature controlled, and well lighted while other facilities are older with little to no ventilation, no temperature controls, and the lighting is poor. In environments like these, working under stress and pressure would be increased because the nature of the job (Bureau of Labor, 2009). Correctional facilities are known to have an affect on the inmates as well as the staff physically and psychologically. Past experiences of victimization could be relevant causes for adult criminal activity. It would be prevalent to recognize and identify this phenomenon. Suggested Quality Research In todays society, many people believe that inmates are treated poorly once they are incarcerated, while on the other hand, other people believe that the inmates are getting the treatment that they deserve. I have designed a research study that would help in determining whether or not correction officers violate the inmates in any way. The strategy would consist of a questionnaire that contained twenty questions with YES, NO, and NO REPLY answer choices. A copy of the suggested questionnaire may be obtained by contacting the author through the affiliated university. This study could contribute to general understanding of crime or policy responses to crime and I feel that it would be just as beneficial as other similar research if not more significant. The answer choices will help in guaranteeing that the honest answers received will help improve the operational chain of command and the flow procedures within corrections system. The correctional officers can sometimes have an affect on why inmates act a certain way or why they do certain things to themselves and or others. I want this research to show officials that correctional officers allow one another to mistreat inmates without saying a word to anyone. This research will also allow correctional officers to speak anonymously about what is going on in the facility and how they are treating the offenders, whether it is positive or negative by other officers and or staff. A predicted outcome of this research would be that correctional officers do abuse their authority, and that there are crimes going on inside the prison directly resulting from officers actions or directly from the officers. Fellner (2004) discusses that in recent years, U.S. prison inmates have been beaten with fists and batons, stomped on, kicked, shot, stunned with electronic devices, doused with chemical sprays, choked, and slammed face first onto concrete floors by the officers whose job it is to guard them. Inmates have ended up with broken jaws, smashed ribs, perforated eardrums, missing teeth, burn scars not to mention psychological scars and emotional pain. Some have even died as the end result. Both men and women prisoners could face staff rape and multiple forms of sexual abuse and then the officers will bribe, coerce, or violently force the inmates for certain favors. Men and women inmates can experience correctional officers mistreatment and exploitation for many different reasons. Parsons-Pollard (2006) believe that the study of ethics in criminal justice has proliferated over the past 25 years as the public demands a higher level of ethical accountability for those in professional positions. The ethics of criminal justice professionals should be very precise allowing no room for anyone to become corrupt within the system. The ethical values of a corrections officer should be recognized in respect to the expected actions of correctional officers. If the officers are not going to abide by their rules and regulations within their workplace, then the correction officer profession may not be suitable for them. The conclusion and analysis of the result from this study will help to determine whether or not correctional officers are abusing the inmates and how they will address the problem. Sometimes, correctional officers abuse the inmates and take away what rights the inmates do have, making it very noticeable within the prison facilities that there is violence occurring that could be prevented. The best way to conquer this problem is to provide staff with adequate training on controlling their frustrations and anger issues, and to establish a well communicated staff. Even though the inmates are incarcerated for a reason, that doesnt mean that inmates should get poor treatment from the officers while they are incarcerated. The correctional officers are there to provide safety amongst the prison populations and officers should not judge the inmates according to their crime, the judge has already done it. Correction officers need to have current training and development in regards to their positions at the facility. They need to have a common knowledge of the application of law and how it is applied to those incarcerated. They should know the Constitutional Rights as well as the federal and jail standards for their state and province. Each correction officer should be able to conduct searches of both inmates and the areas that they are permitted access such as their cell. It would be relevant to have substance abuse prevention training to have a working knowledge of what substances are being used and abused and how. There are several aspects of corrections. The inmates may all hold different point of views in regards to how they view incarceration. One may view incarceration as a way to do something illegal, get caught and incarcerated, and still be able to receive all the free benefits of being incarcerated such as free food, water, sleeping corridors, television, computer/internet, and legal services. Those incarcerated have a lot more benefits and opportunities then a lot of people that are barely keeping up in life. Another might view prison as the most devastating experience that they have ever encountered. There are physical, emotional, and psychological issues that arise with those that are incarcerated and the officer must be able to understand their changes in behavior in order to maintain discipline. There are situations that may arise within the facilities where the correction officer would have to report to court. An important area that they should be trained in would be courtroom testimony. Other important areas that they should be trained in would be report writing, and how to take fingerprints, pictures, and identification of the offenders being processed. Conclusion Apart of any profession, the employee should be able to provide their employer with professionalism, ethics and morals, and proficient communication skills. These three elements are an important part of the correction officers profession. As apart of the training that they receive, the Correction officers should be well trained in how to respond to a situation where an inmate has taken another person within the facility as a hostage. A correction officer should also be able to respond adequately to a situation where there is a barricaded area. If any emergency were to break out, the correction officers should be able to respond as sufficiently as possible. Offenders all have different reasons as to why they are incarcerated and they are all going to deal with those reasons the best way they know how. Some may not be able to deal with those issues turning them into problems. Psychological issues, abnormal behavior, and thoughts and threats of suicide are all going to be prevalent when dealing with a group of criminals in a somewhat small area. When riots, fights, and or disorder starts to unfold in the prisons and jails, the correction officers are people responsible for being able to respond to the situations. There are situations that a correction officer may face daily that could result in prisoner abuse allegations. Prisoners are incarcerated for a particular reason and they are there because they committed a crime and have been sentenced. The judge is responsible for giving the inmates the sentence that they deserve therefore no official except the judge should be responsible for giving the inmates the treatment as well as the sentence that they get. Correction officers tend to want to give the inmates the treatment they deserve and that leads to the abuse of inmates. This abuse is apart of the dark figure of crime which is crime that goes unnoticed, unaccounted for, and unpunished. Inmates that are serving their sentences accordingly are being punished by the law and they dont need any additional appalling treatment, unless they are acting out or causing more trouble within the system. Officers may believe that because they have the authority to keep the prison under control then they have the authority to treat the inmates however they desire. If they think that they can not get into trouble or will not get into trouble then they will be more prone to doing and completing the actions. There has been a long history of corrections in the United States from retribution to rehabilitation and there has been a history of abuse of inmates from the correction officers. Payment And Delay Issues | Construction Industry Payment And Delay Issues | Construction Industry The construction industry plays an important role in any countrys development process. The industry establishes buildings and infrastructure works required for social economic development which contribute to the overall economic growth. The success of economic development will further lead to an increase in disposal incomes, generating demand for additional construction activities. Therefore, it is important to make sure the economy growth of construction industry is moving smoothly. Payment is considered as the lifeblood of the construction industry because constructions often involve very large capital outlay and take a considerable time to complete (Naseem, 2005). In the construction industry, payment is the sum of money paid to contractors, consultants and suppliers after their works, service or materials has been successfully realized or accepted. Payments are so important to these parties that it is a constant headache for them as problems in construction would always be revolving around the poor payment practices. In cases like this, contractors would be directly affected as they are the one who receive and spend the most amounts of monetary sources in a project done. A regular disbursement of interim payment is a critical point for a contractor to help them survive in the construction field. Whether it is late payment or not being paid in the amounts certified, it all literally means big problems to the contractors as cash flow will be effected. Some small construction companies such as Class F contractors would even close business due to late payments. Cash flow is critical to the construction industry. Even Lord Denning famously said that cash flow is the life-blood of the construction industry. The ease of cash flow is an essential element in delivering a successful project. Many actions have been taken by government to curb the payment problems among contractors. Datuk Seri S. Samy Vellu in 2008 for instance has proposed to make direct payments to sub-contractors handling government projects with immediate effect to ensure that they receive the money on time Government officers that delayed the distribution of payments to contractors will be given surcharge. But that does not stop there. Recently, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi shows his concerns over complaints from contractors and suppliers about late payments. He had instructed that all payments must be made within three weeks of the date of receipts of the bills. Government is very particular about this matter because it was giving a negative perception of the current implementation of the 10th Malaysia Plan that is moving at a slow pace. The 10th Malaysia Plan (10MP) that runs from 2011-2015 besides reinforcing the New Economic Model (NEM) also reinforced the theme of Towards Higher Income with more measures to transform the nation into a high-income economy. Nonetheless, there are still cases of delayed payment and non-payment in arbitration if not in the court. Contractors are still facing problems in receiving their payments. Arbitration and judicature process not only consumed much time and money but could kill the business as well. As a contractor, what is the most appropriate action should be taken in securing their payments without effecting their business and cash flow? Statement of Problem The construction industry plays a very important role in generating wealth and improving the quality of life of the people through the provision of social and economic infrastructure like infrastructure like schools, hospital, houses, roads, airports, ports etc. It is linked to the whole spectrum of the economy and has a multiplier effect that enables other industries to prosper alongside. Hence, it is vital to ensure that construction projects are effectively and efficiently implemented. Problems of cash flow due to issues on late, under and non-payment can severely affect the implementation of construction projects and thus the provision of the nations infrastructure and built environment. In construction, delay could be defined as the time overrun either beyond completion date specified in a contract, or beyond the date that the parties agreed upon for delivery of a project.ÂÂ  Delays in payment means there is a delays in progress compared to the baseline schedule. While, problems of delay in payment has continued to worsen in the construction industry (Pitcher, 2010) According to Davenport 2010, the Constructon Industry Development Boards Construction Industry Indicators (CII) had conducted a survey in Cape Town 2009. The survey indicates that only 42% of contractors were paid on time and 58% of payments to contractor were made 30days or more after invoicing. Payments delays in 2009 show quite a significant deterioration compared with the payment delays in 2007 and 2008. CIDBs CEO, Ronnie Khoza states that the issue of payment delays is a very serious matter. The delays could be the result of a poor quality of invoices or corruption within government departments. Contractor Calculator reveals from a latest contractor survey that a whopping 88% of contractors have been receiving their payment late from their agency or client. According to Dave Chaplin, CEO of Contractor Calculator, this is a sad reflection of the times, particularly as 37% of respondents suffering delayed payment have a contract with the public sector. Construction works involve huge amounts of money and most of the contractors find it very difficult to bear the heavy daily construction expenses when the payments are delayed. Work progress can be delayed due to the latepayments from the clients because there is inadequate cash flow to support construction expenses especially for those contractors who are not financially sound. (Murali Sambasivan, 2006) Purposes of Study The construction industry which affected by the cash flow of such projects is getting serious year by year. One of factors causing the problem of cash flow is late payment. In response to the predicted possible concern for this problem, this research is conducted to investigate this issue further in both private and public construction project. Objectives of Study The objective of the study is to compare the factors that contribute to delay in progress payments for construction projects between the private and public sector. Research Questions Delay in construction interim payment consequently affects the progress of the construction project. Either in private or public construction project, payment is the life blood for a project in order to complete in the certain period. Hence, it is important to solve out this problem. To find the solution, we must know the causes influence the late payment. Therefore, this research will enable us to provide the answers for the following questions: What are the factors that contribute to delay in progress payments for construction projects? Is it private sector and public sector influence by the same factors? Significance of Study This research should increase the awareness of both contractors and employers in relation to the payment issues. The contractors should take attention with late payment issue, because it will bring a big impact to their financial ability. The developers or government should also take attention with this issue in order to minimize the impact to the work in site. By that, making improvement either on their own party or employers is important to solve the problems. Besides that, the research is also expected to grab the attention of the employers or developers in making their payments promptly and timeliness. This research help to find out the most common reasons cause the delay in progress payment for construction project in private and public sector. Compare the reason which most frequently happens to see whether these two different fields face the same problems in getting payment. Public projects usually involve more parties in preparing the payment certificate, while private projects which are normally involved weak financial backgrounds employers. After identify the factors causes delay in these two fields, the next step is to find the solution to solve the problems. Through the research, the findings may assist the relevant parties such as developers or government and the contractors in addressing problems associated to late payment in an effective and timely manner to create a win-win situation for all parties in the Malaysian construction industry. It is hoped that the relevant parties will adopt and implement the necessary plan of action in order to minimise disputes on payment in any construction project, so as to create a friendly and enjoyable working environment for all parties and to improve the payment flows in the Malaysian construction industry. Scope of Study This research will be focusing on late payments in the Malaysias construction industry in both private and public project in Johor Bahru. This study will focus on the building works in construction projects. This research will be focusing on the main party in the Malaysias construction industry, which is a contractor. Contractors, whose are carry out the works on site and receiver of payment to make sure the construction works in the progress. Hence, they are the important party in getting the right information in this research. Research Methodology The research for this study was conducted using the following approaches: a) Literature Review This includes the secondary data and information collected from different sources which can be used to conduct the research. The sources include books, journals, magazines, newspaper, dissertations, conference papers, periodicals, information from the internet, etc. These materials were used as background information in order to fully understand the information needed for discussion and analysis in the research. The information can be any issues related to the delay in payment in global construction industries. b) Questionnaire Survey The principal method used to collect primary data from contractors was the use of a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was designated according to the problems in delay of payment in both sectors, private and public in order to achieve the objective of the study. Further details and analysis of the data will be discussed in Chapter 3. c) Interview Besides questionnaire survey, interview sessions will be conducted to collect the primary data. In order to get more exact and detail data, experienced contractor will be the target respondents to be interview. (Placeholder1) (Sub-contractors to be paid directly by Works Ministry) (n.d.). References Chaplin, D. (Director). Contractors suffering late-payment abuse by agencies clients, reveals latest survey [Motion Picture]. Davenport, J. (9 April, 2010). Contruction survey reveals worrying payment-delay trend. Construction Industry Development Board . Cape town: Engineering News. Murali Sambasivan, Y. W. (2006). Causes and effects of delays in Malaysian construction industry. International Journal of Project Management , 524. Naseem, N. A. (2005). International Forum Construction Industry Payment Act and Adjudication. Construction Industry Payment and Adjudication Act . Kuala Lumpur: CIDB and ISM. Pitcher, G. (2010, April 26). Construction late payment worsens. Construction News. Sub-contractors to be paid directly by Works Ministry. (2008, Feb 1). New Straits Times Online.